Using APIs to Pull Dynamic Data
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Application programming interfaces (APIs) allow developers to retrieve data from various services, based on some queries and parameters. What and how data can be accessed is decided by the API provider and this information is usually made available in the form of documentation.
There are thousands of paid and free API services that exist on the Internet, ranging from grabbing random "facts" about Chuck Norris to retrieving detailed information about what the weather is like... on Mars!
For our latest demo though, we will be looking at the weather much closer to home and the basic workflow of working with APIs.
OpenWeatherMap provides a free API, capable of getting detailed weather information from over 200,000 cities. To be able to use the service in our Incari demo, you will first need to create an account and generate an API Key. An API Key is a 32-character code, unique to your account, which will be used every time you make an API request.
As an example of how to use an API and how the data retrieved can be used in Incari, we have created a fully-functional weather application, which you can download from the Remote Projects section of Incari Hub. There, you will see a project called 'WeatherWidget', which you can download to your local machine by pressing the download icon.
If you open up the Project and look inside the Logic Editor, under the 'Root' Scene tab, you will see the top-level Logic for the demo. To get things working, you will first need to change a few variables, which can be seen in the Variables tab of the Logic Editor. The Variables are:
apiKey - The 32-character API key, unique to your OpenWeatherMap account.
city - The city which you want to retrieve the weather for. To reduce ambiguity problems with city names, it is better to use the city name and country. "San Francisco" could be 1 of 5 locations, so "San Francisco, US" will give much more specific results. To see the search results beforehand, you can check them here.
isMetric - Whether or not the temperature should be in metric (°C) or imperial (°F) units.
Once these Variables are changed you can press play to start the simulation. You should now be able to see current weather information for the city whose name you provided in the city variable.
Incari's HTTP GET Node is what makes this kind of functionality possible. It takes some information, based on the documentation of the API provider, constructs and calls an API request, and asynchronously returns the response as a string.
If you take a look at the documentation at OpenWeatherMaps's API documentation, you will see that one of the examples of an API call that it provides, is the following:
Remote IP - The first section of this request is http://api.openweathermap.org, which is our endpoint. This is the value we put inside the Remote IP Attribute. A couple of notes regarding this Attribute:
An IP address can also be used, instead of a URL.
The HTTP GET Node currently supports the HTTP protocol only. HTTPS is not supported.
Remote Port - For the Remote Port Attribute, this should be set to 80, which is the standard port for HTTP usage.
Method - Because we want to get data, the Method Attribute should be set to "GET".
Path - This is the specific path defined by the API provider. Usually, this is the text after the main root URL but before the?character. In the case above, the path is /data/2.5/weather.
Authentication - This is used if the API requires a username and password, however OpenWeatherMap doesn't require this, so we set it to "None".
Default Headers - This allows us to add additional information in the form of key-value pairs, using HTTP headers. For our example, though, we don't need to add any.
A query is a selection of key-value pairs, which form the parameters of the API call. One of these pairs almost always relates to the API key. In the case of OpenWeatherMap, this parameter is called appid and needs to be used whenever attempting to retrieve data.
In the example call above, you will see that part of the string says q=London. By looking at the documentation, you will see that the parameter q is the "City name, state code and country code divided by comma".
Also, for localization purposes, there is one more query, which determines the temperature format. By default, the SI unit, Kelvin, is used when making API calls on OpenWeatherMap. To change this to degrees Celsius (°C) or degrees Fahrenheit (°F), the units parameter should be set to "metric" or "imperial".
If we were to put this information directly into the Attributes of the Node, it would look something like the image here:
Although building the query directly in the Attribute Editor may work correctly, it is much better practice to break this up into Variables, so that all settings of our application can be changed in one place (the Variable tab of the Logic Editor) and can be dynamically adjusted on-the-fly. If you look at the initialization Logic above, we are using the variables isMetric, apiKey, and city to build a Dictionary, which will form our query Variable.
This Variable is then passed into the Query input socket of the HTTP GET Node, overriding any information in its Request Query Attribute.
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a data-interchange format, commonly used by APIs. Some APIs may require the format of the response to be defined explicitly, however, OpenWeatherMap returns JSON-formatted data by default.
Because HTTP GET returns the JSON as one big String, we need to convert this into a format that we can use. The Dictionary data type is the perfect option for this, as it is made up of key-value pairs, which can be accessed by name in other parts of our Logic.
To convert the Body output (the response) into a Dictionary, we can use the new JSON Parse Node to convert the String. Because JSON can also be parsed as an Array, we need to tell Incari that we are expecting a Dictionary, not an Array. We do this by using the Conversion Node to cast the Any-type output of the JSON Parse Node to a Dictionary.
Dictionaries are a common data structure, used in many programming languages. The term "dictionary" stems from the fact that, like a dictionary, you look up a string of characters (a word in the case of a physical dictionary) to get the information or definition associated with that particular string.
Dictionaries share some similarities with Arrays, namely that they are both collections of data. Where they differ, though, is that Dictionaries are unordered (can't be iterated over using loops) and their values can only be accessed via their key. Conversely, Arrays are ordered and the values are accessed by their index.
The reason why Dictionaries are advantageous when dealing with APIs is that once the JSON has been parsed we can access what we need by a key name that relates to the information we need. Dictionaries can even contain other Dictionaries.
For example, if you look at the image above, you will see that from the main Response variable, we are getting another Dictionary called main. From this, we are then able to get the temperature (temp) as a Float. This structure (main > temp) corresponds to the OpenWeatherMap documentation, which shows an example of the hierarchy of the API response.
In Part 8 of our Tutorial for Beginners, I discussed the advantages of decoupling Logic.
By plugging theOutputof the JSON Parse Node into the Value input of a Dictionary-type variable (called Response in this case), it is possible to trigger Logic in several places whenever the value of that Variable is set. This Variable is then fed into a number of custom Functions to get the relevant key-value pairs and process them so that the text and images of the weather app change to reflect the API response.
Although we have focused primarily on weather information for this example, there are thousands of different APIs which can be applied in an infinite amount of ways. The core functionality in Incari, however, will remain the same:
You use the HTTP Get Node to make an API call, parse the data into a Dictionary using the JSON Parse Node
You then use that data to change aspects of your application.
Whether you want to get playlists from Spotify, navigation information from Mapbox, or financial market data from Finnhub, APIs open a whole world of possibilities when it comes to creating engaging HMI experiences.
